IS1172 Water Supply System Paper Editing Services

IS1172 Water Supply System Paper Editing Services

 Fig1: Map showing Mudgee in NSW

Project aims and objectives

Broad objectives

The main aim of this study is to design a water supply system for Mudgee based on groundwater, supplemented by rainwater harvesting that can cater the city till 2070 without any major upgrade.

Specific Objectives

The specific objectives that are aid in achieving the main aim of the study include. 

1. To evaluate the various geographical conditions of Mudgee to determine the potential ofharnessing groundwater
2. To evaluate the possibility of alternative sources of water in Mudgee
3. To estimate the Bill of quantities and the total cost of the design.
4. To design the pump, storage tank, transmission line, distribution tank and the possible location of water points.
5. To survey the study area to in order to determine the waylay for the transmission system.

Literature review

Introduction

All sources of potable water originate from the rain, rain water is slightly acidic as a result of dissolution of carbon oxide in the atmosphere Also in the form of runoffs, the rainwater collects a great amount of mineral matters, microorganisms, soil particles and organic matter. The moment the surface runoffs infiltrates into the subsoil it forms groundwater[ CITATION Mal14 \l 1033 ]. Usuallythe ground water oozes out as springs. The perennial springs are the fountain of water such as lakes, rivers and streams. All water sources have a great impact on the water system design and which in turn affects the cost of water. Various sources of potable water require varying levels of treatment.

Water supply has been a great challenge since the down of civilization. In areas where there is insufficient to meet the demands of its population people are vulnerable to dehydration and diseases and at the extreme end results to death[ CITATION The15 \l 1033 ].

Types of water supply systems

They are categorized depending on the source of water.

Rainwater based water supply system

water collected from rain by use of various methods pf water harvesting is considered as a source of potable water in areas where the rainfall patterns allows harvesting. Rainwater is a stable source of portable water in semi-arid and arid regions where people reside in scattered settlements and there is no any other source of water. Water harvested from rainfall can serve well both household and the community level. It can also be used in combination with the supply from other sources the time where their supply is not predictable in nature.

In households, the harvesting of rainwater is done by the roof as the major catchment while at the community level rainwater is harvested by the underground storage.

Groundwater-based water system

Currently in various parts of the world, ground water is the most practicable source among the various sources. In this system the water can be extracted from the perennial springs such as rivers and streams or from the open wells as they produce potable water which is safe for human consumption. The ground water in the areas that contain limestone since he ground water can be contaminated by the intrusion of the run-offs.

Surface water based water system

In this system there is a surface source of water which acts as the main supply. The quality of water from this source is good but the water requires treatment in order to remove harmful and turbidity microorganisms.

Selection of a water source

There are many factors to be considered when selecting a source of potable water as discussed below.

1. Quantity, in that the available water at the source if sufficient to meet the demands of the current population and the future developments.
2. Quality, one has to establish whether the raw water in this source if it undergoes the necessary treatments will meet the whether qualities as specified in the water quality chapter.
3. Protection, is this water source protected from any form of human wastes such as the sewage, agricultural wastes and the industrial wastes. This is to ensure that the water from his source meets the required qualities for a long period of time without being affected by any form of wastes.
4. Feasibility, one has to consider whether the source available at considerable sources such as the capital and he operational and management Costs. How much resources are required to for the source to be utilized? Can the source be reliable to supply water by use of reliable and simple transmission and treatment technology?
5. During the selection of an appropriate source of water, sources which requires minimal system or no special treatment of water should be given the first priority. As a result of that ground water and springs should be exploited first in any water supply system.
6. Considering the study area, he most economical and method of obtaining the water from the ground, it is preferable since the underground natural purification process is known to have minimal chances of being polluted at any given point.
7. A water supply system is made of the following components i.e. he supplies line, pump, water distribution points and storage tank.

Pump selection and Design

A pump is a piece of very essential equipment in a water system. In any design of a water supply system pumps are known as machines or devices which gives energy to the fluids. Usually, there are two types of pumps.

1. Positive displacement pump
2. Rotodynamic pumps

The positive displacement pumps

These include the reciprocating pumps that are used for temporary site drainage in the situations where the construction site has been filled with water from the ground or from heavy downpour. Reciprocating engines this is petroleum and gas pumps. The gear pumps in this kind of pumps there are two intermeshing gear wheels, that are usually used for he oils pump in reciprocating engines.

Rotor pumps this kind of pumps are essentially a double helix stator having a single helix rotor inside it they are used for pumping of concrete, food, sewage and many other fluids.

Rotodynamic pumps

This type of pumps includes mixed flow, centrifugal and axial flow pumps.

The centrifugal pumps are usually used for a high head, low flow situations. The centrifugal pumps have a wide application in industries as compared to any other type of pumps. That is attributed to the fact that they have a low initial and management costs. Initially this kind of pumps were limited to low pressure head applications, but in the current times their designs has greatly overcome that challenge unless in the situations where very high pressure is required. The single-stage, horizontal, overhung centrifugal pumps is by far the most type of pump used in water systems. The selection of any given pump depends on head and flow rate requirements and other process consideration such as the materials the pump is made up with, since some of the materials can be reacting to water and therefore polluting that given water to be pumped.

Working principles of turbines and pumps

Rotodynamic pumps makes applies the impact which occurs when the fluid passes through a rotating curved passage. In the case of the pumps, the energy is transferred from the passage to the fluid but that is not the case for the turbines since the energy is transferred from the fluid to the rotating curved passage. In the pumps the part which moves is usually referred to as a runner. It’s made up of two concentric discs having a curved plate between them. Angular momentum is transferred from the runner rotating to the angular velocity Ωas the fluid flows over the curved blades.

The symbols that are used in that analysis include.

u₁Peripheral velocity at outer tip passage
u₂Peripheral velocity at inner tip of passage
v₁Absolute velocity of fluid at inlet
v₂Absolute velocity of fluid at outlet
vf₁Radial component ofv₁
vf₂Radial component ofv₂
vw₁Tangential component ofv₁
vw₂Tangential component ofv₂

Subscriptfrepresents the flow velocity andwrepresents the whirl velocity

An expression relating to the power to flow

The figure below shows the curved passage of a turbine or pump.

Fig: curved passage of a turbine or pump.

Waterenters the pump with velocityv₂then flows through the runners and leaves the pump with velocityv_2.the process of flowing energy is passed, of which some it is lost as friction. A particle of the masspassing through the runners has momentum tangential to the shaft

Whereby theis the radial element f the absolute velocity vector radius r.
The angular momentum can be written as forthe case of uniform velocity , angukar momentum per unit isand at the exit, its given asThus an increase in the angular momentum of water iswhich is equivalent to the torque on the water by the runer .

is Euler’s equation

The equation is valid regardless of the path taken by the fluid particles. With the above equations the power consumption of any given pump can be known to govern the operating costs and the size of the pump.

Power, p (rate of doing work)

=

Wherebythe angular velocity of the runner or he impeller

Hence the work per unit weight of the fluid is

Matching pump to a pipe

This process involves a mixture site engineering, economics and hydraulics.Considering the Darcy-welsbach expression for the head loss,it is clear indicated that with a small increase in the size of the diameter wil cause a great reduction in the head loss and hence a rweduction in the size of the pump, with the reduction in the size of the pump both the running and change management cost of he pump may increase and also the construction ciosts and capital of the pipeline will also increase[ CITATION Nat16 \l 1033 ].

Methodology
Pump design

The design of the pump was carried out by first obtaining the appropriate depth of the borehole, pipe parameters, flow rates among other hydraulics. There was a lot of consideration of economics and site engineering during the design process of the pump. An online survey of various pump manufacturers was carries out to determine the best pump to fit the project. The data regarding to the selected pump was obtained from Davis shirtlift website.

Bill of quantities and cost estimation

The entire process of cost estimation was carried out takeoff process and merging the quantities with the current market price of the equipment materials that were used in the project.

Design of the water Distribution points

The design and location of the distribution points was carried out in regards to the demand of water per hour since the supply was not meeting the requirements. The equation below was used to determine the discharge at all the distribution points.

The structure of the distribution points was designed with the Australian codes of Structural design which are widely used in Australia. Since there was no imposed load on the distribution structure there was minimum reinforcement required[ CITATION Gar15 \l 1033 ].

The Design of the storage tank

The design of the storage tank was to depend on the availability of the required resources, demand for water and the general supply of water. The size of the tank was also depending on the continuous growth of the Mudgee population as the project was aiming to design a water system which was not to undergo any form of modification till 2070.

Pipe selection and design

The choosing of the pipes was depending on the hydraulic performances, durability, time, strength, water leakage, availability of skilled labor. Various programs were used to determine the pipe parameters. The selected pipes were according to the Australian standards in order to ensure safety, the manufacture, welding, testing of pressure and welding were to meet the Quality standards.

Findings and discussions

Bowral aquifer physical properties

Groundwater movements-

The groundwater in the silt and gravel aquifers was found in the pore spaces between the particles, but in the consolidated aquifers the groundwater was found in the fractures within the solid rocks. The amount of ground water in a given type of rocks greatly depends on the porosity of the rock, which is depends on the volume of the pore spaces between the grains of the sediments of the fractures on the rocks[ CITATION Hol16 \l 1033 ].

Permeability

The coarse-grained sediments such as gravel and sand have a higher porosity as compared to the small-grained sediments like clay and the slit since the pore spaces are closely connected, the coarse grained materials such as sand are highly permeable because their space leaves behind large connected spaces which allow water to pass through.

Water quality testing

Very crucial water quality parameters for the Mudgee university and Mudgee locality are the fluoride and iron concentration and electrical conductivity. The allowed levels 1ppm,1.5ppm and 750 micro-S/cm.

The combined drinking water risk taking into account the above mentioned parameters for Mudgee is generally considered moderate. And therefore the ground water supply for this area is generally good. Nevertheless, the risk analysis is not the same in time and space thus there is potential of infringing into the national set standards on the local scale that might be allowed. This is so far the fluoride levels. The potable water is likely to be moderately but within the World health organization standards.

After the drilling of ground water, water quality testing is thus a must to determine the levels of the above mentioned parameters and take the appropriate actions. It might be necessary to conduct a corrective measure on all the potable water.

Growth of the proposed population

The current human population is approximately 10,000 and due to the development of a new university in the are the population is expected to grow to 25,000 by 2020 and grow at a constant rate of 5% annually.

By applying the geometry technique of estimating population, the human population over the design period and based on the annual growth rate of 5% the total population will be;

Given that

.pt = 25000

.t = 50

.r = 0.05

Total population = 25,000(1 + 0.05)⁵⁰

= 286, 684

This is when it is assumed that the total population of Mudgee will be 25,00 by 2020 and grow at a constant rate of 5% annually[ CITATION Ced13 \l 1033 ].

The water Demand

The design of the water system will be based on the final design period, for the daily water demands the following equation was used.

Where by

Q_dis the total water demand for Mudgee area and D_pis the individual water demands per day and C_pis the number of total population of Mudgee area.

Bill of quantities

The cost of the project was estimated by use of the take-off methods of estimating the costs of project. Below is the estimated cost[ CITATION Tem15 \l 1033 ].

Conclusion and recommendations

Recommendations

1. The implementation and construction of the project should be carried out in stages starting with the areas which are a highly populated area.
2. The authorities in Mudgee should charge appropriate levies for the system maintenance.
3. To cater for the cost of electricity a solar system should be designed and implemented into the system in order to reduce the dependence on electricity which is quite expensive.
4. Due to the fast growing population of Mudgee the government should come up with ways of utilizing other sources of water to ensure that there is sufficient supply of portable water for all the population of Mudgee at all times.

Conclusion

In conclusion,Mudgee is a town located in the central of New South Wales, Australia. The region is characterized with broad fertile Cudgegong river valley approximately 261km north-west of Sydney. Due to the establishment of a new university in the area and the fast-growing population, there is need to design a water supply system for Mudgee based on groundwater, supplemented by rainwater harvesting that can cater the city till 2070 without any major upgrade.

The project was successful since majority of its aims and objectives were achieved for instance we were able to estimate the population of the area and the water demands till 2070.It was also possible to investigate and analyses the potential of harnessing ground water in the area both the Quantity and quality of portable water was analyzed.

Even though the project succeeded in a wide exte3nt there are challenges that were encountered for instance the availability of the topographical survey map were very difficult to be accessed.

There has been no underground water manage quality monitoring in the area making it difficult to evaluate the quality change over time.

References

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